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The Handbook of Real Estate Lending

Table of Contents

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PART ONE

Overview of Real Estate Loan Management

CHAPTER  1

Critical Factors That Make Real Estate Loan Analysis Difficult 

Current Trends

The Possible Return of Bad Real Estate Loans

The Old System

Some Phases of Real Estate Development Have More Risk than Others

The Process Flow of Real Estate Lending Tends to Be Error Prone

The Difficulty of Focusing on the Right Information

The Difficulties in Determine the Worst-Case Scenario

The Problem of Communicating Information about Complex Loans

Real Estate Loan Decision Making

An Overview of the Lending Solutions Decision Support Program

Summary

 

CHAPTER 2

Traditional Lender Analysis of Real Estate Loans

Overview

Synopsis of the Regulation Guidelines for Real Estate Lending

Introduction to Real Estate Loan Underwriting Analysis

Summary

 

CHAPTER 3

Lender Evaluation of Property Appraisals

Overview

The Real Estate Market versus Investment Value

Profile of a Property Appraisal

How Appraisers Approach Property Valuations

The Cost Approach to Property Valuation

The Market Approach to Property Valuation

The Income Capitalization Approach to Property Valuation

Reconciliation of the Three Approaches for the Final Value

Summary

 

CHAPTER 4

Standard Construction Project Analysis

Overview

Cost Drivers of Construction Loans

Recasting, Construction Cost Breakdowns and Cashflow Projections

How Appraisals Assist Lenders in Project Analysis

Developing Reliable Cashflow Statements and Passing the Liquidity Test

Determining Project Solvency

Limitations of the Capitalization Rate

Determining the Appropriate Loan Amount and Breakeven Analysis

Breakeven Analysis and Forecasts of Project Cashflows

Summary

 

CHAPTER 5

Technical Analysis of Permanent Project Financing

Overview

Risk

Analyzing the project's solvency

Investigating project equity

Diagramming project liquidity and solvency

Project solvency

Forecast of Project Cashflow

Amounts of Principal and Interest Required

Forecast of Sales Proceeds

Forecasting after-tax Cashflows

Forecasting the tax consequences of selling the project

Analyzing the property disposal after-tax Cashflow forecast

Summary

 

CHAPTER 6

Lender's Tenant Analysis

Overview

Ratio Analysis

Liquidity ratios

Asset management ratios

Debt management ratios

Profitability Ratios

Growth ratios

Lender preferences

Cashflow Analysis

Analyzing the Statement of Cashflow

Summary

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PART TWO

Identifying Real Estate Loan Threats

CHAPTER 7

How a Decision Support Program Can Increase Profits

Overview

Key Decisions for the Creation and Ownership of Real Estate Assets

Key Decision-Makers in the Real Estate Industry

Sources of Real Estate Risk

Real Estate Risk Control

Risk versus Uncertainty

The Hidden Costs of Troubled Real Estate Loans

How Risk Perception Limits Real Estate Lenders

Why Use Risk Management in a Decision Support Program

The Rewards of Using a Decision Support Program

The Development of a Decision-Making Framework

Establishing Default Probabilities for Real Estate Loans

The Lending Solutions Decision Support Model

Summary

 

CHAPTER 8

Risks In Borrower Quality

Overview

Identifying Threats to Borrower Quality

The Importance of Current Financial Statements

Borrower Financial Documentation Required

The Adequacy and Quality of the Financial Statements

Financial Statement Analysis

Ratio Analysis of Personal Financial Statements

The Balance Sheet

Using the Balance Sheet to Determine the Base Credit Level

Comparing, the Tax Return and Income Statement

Developing a Borrower's Statements of Cashflows from

the Financial Statement

Developing a Borrower's Statement of Cashflows from the Tax Return

Examining, the Property Schedule

Use of Credit Reports to Determine Borrower Quality

The Potential lmpact of a Loan Extension on Borrower Cashflow

Potential Continent Liabilities, Bankruptcy, and Litigation

Summary

 

CHAPTER 9

Risks in Real Estate Loan Quality

Overview

Alternative Cash Sources for Loan Repayment

The Reliability of Project Cashflow Projections

Setting the Correct Loan Amount

Lender Analysis of the Land Costs to Avoid Potential Loan Default

Analysis of Land and Development Costs to Avoid Cost Overruns

Ascertaining That Hard Costs Are Sufficient for Project Completion

Correctly Pricing the Loan to Reduce Loan Threats

Using Stipulations in the Loan Agreement to Reduce Risks

The Importance of Clearly Defined Lending Terms

Components of Executive Loan Summaries

Threats to Loan Quality during the Loan Term

Summary

 

CHAPTER 10

Risks in Construction Performance

Overview

The Lender's Role and Environmental Hazards for Property

Held as Security

Identifying Environmental Hazards

Identifying Construction Risks

Construction Risk Exposure and Insurance

Using Contractor Information to Identify Loan Threats

During the Construction Phase, Time Is Money

How Construction Delays Threaten Loan Quality

The importance of identifying What is "Late"

Construction Scheduling Errors and the Construction Loan

The Impact of Procurement Delays

The Threat of Poor Quality and inadequate Work

How Reliable Is the Construction Budget?

Construction Cost Overruns

Construction Warning Signs

How the Lack of Maintenance Affects the Project

Summary

 

CHAPTER 11

Risks in Project Management

Overview

Construction's Role in the Real Estate Cycle

The "Stickiness" of Some Real Estate Cycles

When to Start Marketing, and Marketing Reposition

Does the Project Miss the Target Market?

The Project and Its Relationship to the Competition

How an Incorrect Pricing Schedule Can Affect the Loan

The Threat of Unrealistic Absorption Periods and Capture Rates

How an lnept Marketing Team Threatens the Loan

The Threat of the Too Small Marketing Budget

When Vacancy Rates Exceed Expectations

Monitoring the Marketing, Program

The Influence of the Physical Characteristics on Rental Rates

Summary

 

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PART THREE

A Quantitative Approach to Assessing Loan Quality

CHAPTER 12

Developing a Decision Support Program

Overview

The Purpose of a Decision Support Program

The Steps in Developing a Flexible Real Estate Loan

Decision Support Program

The Quantitative Assessment of Real Estate Loan Quality

Data Capture for the Decision Support Program

Summary

 


CHAPTER 13

How to Demonstrate That Loan Quality

Overview

Demonstrating Real Estate Loan Quality

The Basics of Risk Factor Analysis

How Risk Factor Scores Compare to Industry Standards

Developing, an Expert Questionnaire for Real Estate Loans

Questioning Techniques

Selecting the Appropriate Wording for the Questions

Designing the Questionnaire

Sequencing Questions

Pre-testing the Questionnaire

Identifying the Risk Factors to Be Used in the Questionnaire

The Interrelationship of the Questionnaire and the Risk Assessment Model

Summary

 

CHAPTER 14

How to Score a Real Estate Loan: A Case Study

Overview

Background of the Fairmont Development Case

Introduction to the Fairmont Development Case

How to Complete the Real Estate Loan Questionnaire

How to Calculate Risk Factor Scores for the Real Estate Loan Questionnaire

Questions about the Loan Application

Summary

 

CHAPTER 15

Creating A Database for Loan Assessment Reports

Overview

Knowledge Acquisition for a Real Estate Loan Business Rules Database

Creating a Knowledge-Based Decision Support System

About the Real Estate Loan Business Rules Library

Introduction to the Loan Assessment Report

The Usefulness of Decision Analysis Approaches in Practical Decision Making

Resistance to Implementing a New Decision-Making, Process

Summary

 

CHAPTER 16

How to Forecast Loan Performance

Overview

Data Sources for Predictions

Forecasting Loan Risk Using Least Squares Regression

Selecting the Correct Least Squares Regression Model

The Limitations of Using Least Squares Regression to Predict Loan Behavior

Forecast of Loan Performance for Fairmont Development:

A Case Study

Using Comparative and Trend Analysis to Forecast Loan Performance

Summary

 

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PART FOUR

Suggested Workout Strategies and Procedures

CHAPTER 17

Pre-modification Issues and Strategies

Overview

Pre-modification Issues

Pre-modification Borrower Analysis

Pre-modification Property Analysis

Pre-modification Analysis of the Property's Title

Pre-modification Analysis of the Loan Documents Technical or Monetary Default

Abandonment

Deed in Lieu of Foreclosure

Credit Enhancements

Endorsements and Guarantees

The Priority and the impact of Liens

Summary

 

CHAPTER 18

Loan Modifications and Workout Strategies

Overview

Modifications to Assist the Troubled Borrower

Modifications Using (Debt-Equity Swaps to Assist the Borrower)

Modifications Requiring Additional Collateral, Cross-Collateralization,

Or Default Provisions

Modifications to Subordinate Borrower Profits

Modification of the Borrower's Guaranties

Modifications the Limit the Project's Scope

Automatic Transfer Modifications

Improving the Lender's Position

Lender Recovery Sources after Default

How Borrowers May View Loan Workouts

Pre-workout Agreements

Borrowers Concessions before Workout Negotiations

Elements of a Real Estate Loan Workout

Developing a Workout Proposal

The Effectiveness of Forbearance Agreements

Advantages of Workouts with the Existing Borrower

Tactics for Borrowers Who Cannot Keep Debt Service Current

Strategies for Projects That Do Not Perform as Expected

Multiple Lender Workouts

When to Present the Workout Proposal

Why Some Workout Plans Fail

Summary

 

CHAPTER 19

Foreclosure, Bankruptcy, and REOs

Overview

Overview of Foreclosure and Redemption

Foreclosure versus Deed in Lieu of Foreclosure

Lender Pre-foreclosure rights

Overview of Bankruptcy

How Borrower Bankruptcy Affects the Foreclosure Process

How Lenders Can Claim Relief from Automatic Stay Provisions

Bankruptcy and Tenant Leases

Lender Workouts and Borrower Bankruptcy

Lender Rights when Bankruptcy is Filed after Foreclosure

Incomplete REO Projects and the Lender

Completion of the REO Project by a Third Party

Legal Problems with Loan Modifications

Business and Management Problems with Loan Workouts

Summary

 

CHAPTER 20

A New Approach To Problem Loan Reports

Overview

How to Use the Lending Solutions Approach to Problem Loan Reports

Something New for Problem Loan Reports

Showing Management Focus and Control of Troubled Loans

Summary

 

CHAPTER 21

How You Can Tell If the Program Is Working for You

Overview

Is the Program Working?

Return on Investment

The Test Work Plan

Data Analysis

Summary

 

INDEX

 

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