| PART ONE Overview of Real Estate
Loan Management
CHAPTER 1
Critical Factors That Make Real Estate Loan
Analysis Difficult
Current Trends
The Possible Return of Bad Real Estate Loans
The Old System
Some Phases of Real Estate Development Have
More Risk than Others
The Process Flow of Real Estate Lending Tends
to Be Error Prone
The Difficulty of Focusing on the Right
Information
The Difficulties in Determine the Worst-Case
Scenario
The Problem of Communicating Information about
Complex Loans
Real Estate Loan Decision Making
An Overview of the Lending Solutions Decision
Support Program
Summary |
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CHAPTER 2
Traditional Lender Analysis of Real Estate Loans
Overview
Synopsis of the Regulation Guidelines for Real
Estate Lending
Introduction to Real Estate Loan Underwriting
Analysis
Summary |
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CHAPTER 3
Lender Evaluation of Property Appraisals
Overview
The Real Estate Market versus Investment Value
Profile of a Property Appraisal
How Appraisers Approach Property Valuations
The Cost Approach to Property Valuation
The Market Approach to Property Valuation
The Income Capitalization Approach to Property
Valuation
Reconciliation of the Three Approaches for the
Final Value
Summary |
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CHAPTER 4
Standard Construction Project Analysis
Overview
Cost Drivers of Construction Loans
Recasting, Construction Cost Breakdowns and
Cashflow Projections
How Appraisals Assist Lenders in Project
Analysis
Developing Reliable Cashflow Statements and
Passing the Liquidity Test
Determining Project Solvency
Limitations of the Capitalization Rate
Determining the Appropriate Loan Amount and
Breakeven Analysis
Breakeven Analysis and Forecasts of Project
Cashflows
Summary |
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CHAPTER 5
Technical Analysis of Permanent Project Financing
Overview
Risk
Analyzing the project's solvency
Investigating project equity
Diagramming project liquidity and solvency
Project solvency
Forecast of Project Cashflow
Amounts of Principal and Interest Required
Forecast of Sales Proceeds
Forecasting after-tax Cashflows
Forecasting the tax consequences of selling
the project
Analyzing the property disposal after-tax
Cashflow forecast
Summary |
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CHAPTER 6
Lender's Tenant Analysis
Overview
Ratio Analysis
Liquidity ratios
Asset management ratios
Debt management ratios
Profitability Ratios
Growth ratios
Lender preferences
Cashflow Analysis
Analyzing the Statement of Cashflow
Summary |
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PART TWO
Identifying Real Estate Loan Threats
CHAPTER 7
How a Decision Support Program Can Increase Profits
Overview
Key Decisions for the Creation and Ownership
of Real Estate Assets
Key Decision-Makers in the Real Estate
Industry
Sources of Real Estate Risk
Real Estate Risk Control
Risk versus Uncertainty
The Hidden Costs of Troubled Real Estate Loans
How Risk Perception Limits Real Estate Lenders
Why Use Risk Management in a Decision Support
Program
The Rewards of Using a Decision Support
Program
The Development of a Decision-Making Framework
Establishing Default Probabilities for Real
Estate Loans
The Lending Solutions Decision Support
Model
Summary |
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CHAPTER 8
Risks In Borrower Quality
Overview
Identifying Threats to Borrower Quality
The Importance of Current Financial Statements
Borrower Financial Documentation Required
The Adequacy and Quality of the Financial
Statements
Financial Statement Analysis
Ratio Analysis of Personal Financial Statements
The Balance Sheet
Using the Balance Sheet to Determine the Base
Credit Level
Comparing, the Tax Return and Income Statement
Developing a Borrower's Statements of Cashflows
from
the Financial Statement
Developing a Borrower's Statement of Cashflows
from the Tax Return
Examining, the Property Schedule
Use of Credit Reports to Determine Borrower
Quality
The Potential lmpact of a Loan Extension on
Borrower Cashflow
Potential Continent Liabilities, Bankruptcy, and
Litigation
Summary |
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CHAPTER 9
Risks in Real Estate Loan Quality
Overview
Alternative Cash Sources for Loan Repayment
The Reliability of Project Cashflow
Projections
Setting the Correct Loan Amount
Lender Analysis of the Land Costs to Avoid
Potential Loan Default
Analysis of Land and Development Costs to
Avoid Cost Overruns
Ascertaining That Hard Costs Are Sufficient
for Project Completion
Correctly Pricing the Loan to Reduce Loan
Threats
Using Stipulations in the Loan Agreement to
Reduce Risks
The Importance of Clearly Defined Lending
Terms
Components of Executive Loan Summaries
Threats to Loan Quality during the Loan Term
Summary |
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CHAPTER 10
Risks in Construction Performance
Overview
The Lender's Role and Environmental Hazards for
Property
Held as Security
Identifying Environmental Hazards
Identifying Construction Risks
Construction Risk Exposure and Insurance
Using Contractor Information to Identify Loan
Threats
During the Construction Phase, Time Is Money
How Construction Delays Threaten Loan Quality
The importance of identifying What is
"Late"
Construction Scheduling Errors and the
Construction Loan
The Impact of Procurement Delays
The Threat of Poor Quality and inadequate Work
How Reliable Is the Construction Budget?
Construction Cost Overruns
Construction Warning Signs
How the Lack of Maintenance Affects the Project
Summary |
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CHAPTER 11
Risks in Project Management
Overview
Construction's Role in the Real Estate Cycle
The "Stickiness" of Some Real Estate
Cycles
When to Start Marketing, and Marketing
Reposition
Does the Project Miss the Target Market?
The Project and Its Relationship to the
Competition
How an Incorrect Pricing Schedule Can Affect
the Loan
The Threat of Unrealistic Absorption Periods
and Capture Rates
How an lnept Marketing Team Threatens the Loan
The Threat of the Too Small Marketing Budget
When Vacancy Rates Exceed Expectations
Monitoring the Marketing, Program
The Influence of the Physical Characteristics
on Rental Rates
Summary |
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PART THREE
A Quantitative Approach to Assessing Loan Quality
CHAPTER 12
Developing a Decision Support Program
Overview
The Purpose of a Decision Support Program
The Steps in Developing a Flexible Real Estate
Loan
Decision Support Program
The Quantitative Assessment of Real Estate
Loan Quality
Data Capture for the Decision Support Program
Summary
CHAPTER 13
How to Demonstrate That Loan Quality
Overview
Demonstrating Real Estate Loan Quality
The Basics of Risk Factor Analysis
How Risk Factor Scores Compare to Industry
Standards
Developing, an Expert Questionnaire for Real
Estate Loans
Questioning Techniques
Selecting the Appropriate Wording for the
Questions
Designing the Questionnaire
Sequencing Questions
Pre-testing the Questionnaire
Identifying the Risk Factors to Be Used in the
Questionnaire
The Interrelationship of the Questionnaire and
the Risk Assessment Model
Summary |
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CHAPTER 14
How to Score a Real Estate Loan: A Case Study
Overview
Background of the Fairmont Development Case
Introduction to the Fairmont Development Case
How to Complete the Real Estate Loan
Questionnaire
How to Calculate Risk Factor Scores for the
Real Estate Loan Questionnaire
Questions about the Loan Application
Summary |
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CHAPTER 15
Creating A Database for Loan Assessment Reports
Overview
Knowledge Acquisition for a Real Estate Loan
Business Rules Database
Creating a Knowledge-Based Decision Support
System
About the Real Estate Loan Business Rules Library
Introduction to the Loan Assessment Report
The Usefulness of Decision Analysis Approaches in
Practical Decision Making
Resistance to Implementing a New Decision-Making,
Process
Summary |
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CHAPTER 16
How to Forecast Loan Performance
Overview
Data Sources for Predictions
Forecasting Loan Risk Using Least Squares
Regression
Selecting the Correct Least Squares Regression
Model
The Limitations of Using Least Squares
Regression to Predict Loan Behavior
Forecast of Loan Performance for Fairmont
Development:
A Case Study
Using Comparative and Trend Analysis to
Forecast Loan Performance
Summary |
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PART FOUR
Suggested Workout Strategies and Procedures
CHAPTER 17
Pre-modification Issues and Strategies
Overview
Pre-modification Issues
Pre-modification Borrower Analysis
Pre-modification Property Analysis
Pre-modification Analysis of the Property's
Title
Pre-modification Analysis of the Loan
Documents Technical or Monetary Default
Abandonment
Deed in Lieu of Foreclosure
Credit Enhancements
Endorsements and Guarantees
The Priority and the impact of Liens
Summary |
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CHAPTER 18
Loan Modifications and Workout Strategies
Overview
Modifications to Assist the Troubled Borrower
Modifications Using (Debt-Equity Swaps to Assist
the Borrower)
Modifications Requiring Additional Collateral,
Cross-Collateralization,
Or Default Provisions
Modifications to Subordinate Borrower Profits
Modification of the Borrower's Guaranties
Modifications the Limit the Project's Scope
Automatic Transfer Modifications
Improving the Lender's Position
Lender Recovery Sources after Default
How Borrowers May View Loan Workouts
Pre-workout Agreements
Borrowers Concessions before Workout Negotiations
Elements of a Real Estate Loan Workout
Developing a Workout Proposal
The Effectiveness of Forbearance Agreements
Advantages of Workouts with the Existing Borrower
Tactics for Borrowers Who Cannot Keep Debt
Service Current
Strategies for Projects That Do Not Perform as
Expected
Multiple Lender Workouts
When to Present the Workout Proposal
Why Some Workout Plans Fail
Summary |
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CHAPTER 19
Foreclosure, Bankruptcy, and REOs
Overview
Overview of Foreclosure and Redemption
Foreclosure versus Deed in Lieu of Foreclosure
Lender Pre-foreclosure rights
Overview of Bankruptcy
How Borrower Bankruptcy Affects the
Foreclosure Process
How Lenders Can Claim Relief from Automatic
Stay Provisions
Bankruptcy and Tenant Leases
Lender Workouts and Borrower Bankruptcy
Lender Rights when Bankruptcy is Filed after
Foreclosure
Incomplete REO Projects and the Lender
Completion of the REO Project by a Third Party
Legal Problems with Loan Modifications
Business and Management Problems with Loan
Workouts
Summary |
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CHAPTER 20
A New Approach To Problem Loan Reports
Overview
How to Use the Lending Solutions
Approach to Problem Loan Reports
Something New for Problem Loan Reports
Showing Management Focus and Control of
Troubled Loans
Summary |
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CHAPTER 21
How You Can Tell If the Program Is Working for You
Overview
Is the Program Working?
Return on Investment
The Test Work Plan
Data Analysis
Summary |
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INDEX
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